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BME 306: Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

An introduction to finding and citing academic research in BME.

Searching PubMed

PubMed's search functionalities are so strong, the search strategies we typically recommend (below) are not always necessary.

PubMed's algorithm understands a lot from a basic keyword search, and can also extrapolate citation information from an author name, article title, or journal title.

For more info, visit the PubMed FAQ. To see how PubMed has conducted the searches from your keywords, look for the Search History in the Advanced Search link.

Strategic Exploration

Use these tips to search better and find what you need more efficiently.

While different databases might have slight differences in their use of these terms, the goal is always the same: the more thorough your search string, the more relevant your search results will be, which saves you the time of looking through articles you know you don't want.

Boolean Operators
Terms that connect keywords to make a search more efficient.
AND
Results that include both concept A and concept B

ex: [strawberry AND banana]
NOT
AND NOT
Results of concept A except those that include concept B

ex: [strawberry NOT banana]

Some databases (like Scopus) prefer AND NOT
OR
The results of all of concept A and all of concept B

ex: [strawberry OR banana]

Search Modifiers
Other useful things to use when searching.
Word stems
Wildcard: ?
Midword

ex: wom?n = women, woman

Truncation: *
End of word

ex: [engine*] =
engine, engineer, engineering, engineered (etc.)
Phrase
"Exact phrase"

Also known as "bound phrase". Brings back the term or title within the quotations.

ex: "strawberry smoothie"
Parentheses
(concept A OR concept B) AND concept C

Use parentheses to expand your search string and include more terms.

ex: (strawberry OR banana) AND smoothie

Keywords + Boolean Operators = Search Strings

Use the terms and methods described above to improve your search results.

Let's say you're looking for information on the use of unmanned aerial vehicles in the military and the ethical implications thereof. You have a few keywords here:

  • unmanned aerial vehicle(s)
  • military
  • ethics

You also have a number of synonyms or alternative forms of the words:

  • drone(s)
  • defense
  • ethical

Use asterisks to open up a word to single/plural, and use quotes to get the exact term:

("unmanned aerial vehicle*" OR drone*)
=40,620 results in OneSearch (libraries worldwide; 5,396 in Stevens)

Refine by adding the topic of military, opening that to the use of military or defense:

(("unmanned aerial vehicle*" OR drone) AND (militar* OR defense))
=8,832 results in OneSearch (libraries worldwide; 596 in Stevens)

Include the ethical issues of UAVs in defense:

((("unmanned aerial vehicle*" OR drone) AND (militar* OR defense)) AND ethic*)
=381 results (libraries worldwide; 46 in Stevens)
 

Remember: as in math, the placement of parentheses can change the outcome!